The history and development of neurosurgery in Anatolia is about 60 centuries old. Several trephined skulls have been found in numerous excavations in different sites. One of these skulls (800 years BC.) presents a free flap craniotomy performed with an excellent surgical technique. Among many physicians and surgeons practicing in Anatolia. Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu emerged as an admirable physician of the fifteenth century.