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Back pain is a widespread and debilitating condition that significantly impairs quality of life, often eroding patients’ sense of autonomy and independence, and contributes to global disability rates. The initial management of back pain generally follows a conservative approach, encompassing physica...

AIM: To systematically review the existing literature on the neurotoxic effects of microplastics (MPs) on the brain. MATERIAL and METHODS: This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses guidelines. The following keywords were used for th...

AIM: To systematically evaluate the existing literature regarding adjuvant or primary treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) with tranexamic acid (TXA). MATERIAL and METHODS: This systematic review followed the parameters set by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta...

Definitive diagnoses in neuro-oncology often require invasive procedures, such as surgical biopsies to obtain tissue for histopathologic and molecular interrogation. Patients with small lesions that may respond to nonsurgical treatments, such as chemoradiation, may nevertheless undergo surgery wit...

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AIM: To compare 1 and 2 level posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) to transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) techniques in an effort to elucidate trends in overall radiological and clinical outcome, rate of complications, operation time, length of hospital stay, reoperation rate, pseudo...

AIM: To define a new approach for primary vertebral tumors by discussing them in the light of 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of bone tumors. MATERIAL and METHODS: In this study, we have discussed primary vertebral tumors in light of the 2020 Updated WHO Classification of Soft...

AIM: To evaluate all serum biomarkers in sports-related concussion injury (SRC) to determine diagnostic validity, changes with symptom severity, and return to play, as well as detect early changes in serum concentration. MATERIAL and METHODS: Studies were searched in various electronic databases (...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia that causes disabilities in memory formation and activities of daily living. Unfortunately, pharmacologic treatments have minimal and short-lasting effects on AD. With the increasing aging population, investigations into therapeutic stra...

AIM: To review the correlation between vitamin D (VD) and several common neurological disorders with the aim of providing directions and ideas for using VD to treat neurological disorders. MATERIAL and METHODS: VD, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, stroke, epilepsy, and cognitive dysfunction were used as ...

The general aim of the neurosurgical practice is to both anatomically and physiologically preserve functional neurological structures to ensure a higher quality of life. Intraoperative neuromonitorization (IONM) helps the neurosurgeon physiologically identify and assess the functional integrity of...

AIM: To describe the history of the anterior approach to the lumbar spine from the beginning to the minimal invasive techniques that the authors have developed, and to discuss its advantages and drawbacks. MATERIAL and METHODS: The authors collected published data on the evolution of the anterior ...

AIM: To assess the results, effectiveness, safety, and potentials of coiling and clipping of ruptured basilar apex aneurysms. MATERIAL and METHODS: Included in this study were articles comparisons of outcomes of endovascular coiling and clipping of ruptured basilar apex aneurysms, published in the...

AIM: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of incidental meningiomas (IM) treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or observation. MATERIAL and METHODS: The PubMed, Cochrane Library and MEDLINE (Ovid) databases were comprehensively searched for eligible studies about IM that were managed with seri...

AIM: To analyze the current literature on neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM), as well as, our cases, in order to better define the prognosis and the presence of risk factors affecting it, thus, offering better information to the parents. MATERIAL and METHODS: Two cases observed at the Pediatric Neuros...

The process of head transplantation is reviewed according to Cartesian philosophy. Recent developments in head transplantation were followed with great interest in the media and society. The surgeon Sergio Canavero stated that he could perform head transplantation. His ethical approaches to the pr...

AIM: To conduct an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety between total disc replacement (TDR) and fusion surgery for lumbar degenerative disc disease (LDDD). MATERIAL and METHODS: We comprehensively searched meta-analyses comparing TDR with fusion through t...

Every year, natural or people-generated disasters disrupt the functioning of society, causing human, and material loses, which lead to an increase in the demand for medical attention. In the morning of September 19, 2017, a 7.1-magnitude earthquake struck Mexico City and four other cities, leaving...

Variations and anomalies of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) have several clinical implications, including assisting in understanding the clinical signs of a stroke. Anomalies have been described previously; however, few reports mention the origins, absence, duplication and triplication of the ...

The purpose of this article was mainly to focus on whether hypothermia improves mortality and/or the chance of a good neurological outcome compared with the standard of care alone in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). We used a comprehensive search strategy. Articles were eliminated in a ...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children and adults throughout the world. It is urgent to ameliorate TBI damage and reduce the disability and case-fatality rate. Stem cell therapy is another medical revolution after drug and surgical medication. Mese...

Although several studies have suggested perihematomal edema (PHE) is associated with prognosis in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the results are different in other studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of PHE in ICH. According to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic li...

Although endoscopic techniques have many advantages including improved visualization and magnification, they are also associated with limitations. The objective of this review is to discuss the practical aspects that can reduce complications after endoscopic procedures, and their management. The r...

Current practice of neurosurgery depends on clinical practice guidelines and evidence-based research publications that derive results using statistical methods. However, statistical analysis methods have some limitations such as the inability to analyze nonlinear variables, requiring setting a lev...

The middle cerebral artery (MCA) covers a large part of the cerebral hemispheres and is therefore exposed during surgical intervention in this area. Aspects of cerebral branches tend to vary, different branching patterns can be described, and several anomalies can be observed. Knowledge of these v...

So far, animal models have helped us better understand the pathophysiology of the ischemic brain damage but they could not contribute so much to clinical practice. The discrepancies in results regarding neuroprotective agents in animal experiments compared to clinical trials have not been solved. ...

The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) varies considerably and this complicates the description of the normal anatomy. The segmentation of the ACA is mostly agreed on by different authors, although the relationship of the pericallosal and callosomarginal arteries (CmA) is not agreed upon. The two basi...

Hemodynamic changes during pregnancy may favor the formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Despite this risk, guidelines for managing intracranial aneurysms during pregnancy have not been clearly defined. The objective of this review is to describe the treatment options for pregnant women...

Trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) is a reflexive response of bradycardia, hypotension and gastric hypermotility which is observed upon mechanical stimulation in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Previous articles have described TCR during intracranial operations, ophthalmic surgery, microcompr...

Fluorescein sodium (FL)–guided resection has become an important and beneficial treatment method for malignant brain tumors. FL-guided resection improves the rate of gross total resection in high-grade gliomas (HGG) and cerebral metastases (CM). FL sensitively visualizes the disruption of th...

Intracranial aneurysms and their treatment is one of the leading problems of neurosurgery that create high mortality and morbidity. The technique of safe clipping is as generally used depends on the temporary occlusion of the cerebral vasculature during surgery. However, there is no exact data abo...

Postoperative spondylodiscitis is relatively uncommon. This complication is associated with increased cost, and long-term of inability to work, and even morbidity. Although the majority of postoperative spondylodiscitis cases can be well managed by conservative treatment, postoperative spondylodis...

Colloid cysts are usually located in third ventricle and are believed to be derived from either primitive neuroepithelium or endoderm. Patients may remain asymptomatic for long time while some can present with paroxysmal headache, gait disturbance, nausea, vomiting, behavioral changes, weaknesses ...

The surgical treatment of spinal metastases is still controversial. Due to developments in diagnostic imaging there has been a great evolution in minimally invasive surgical techniques for the spinal surgery. Most of the patients with spinal metastases are debilitated and under high risk of major ...

AIM: Primary pineal melanoma is a rare tumor. We herein review the histogenesis, pathology, radiology and therapeutic options of this rare tumor. MATERIAL and METHODS: We conducted a PUBMED search using a combination of keywords such as “primary pineal melanoma”, “CNS melanoma&#...

AIM: The utilization of technology for purpose of imparting knowledge, especially in high-end branches like neurosurgery, has gained prominence in the contemporary academic scenario. The technological advancements have brought about outstanding transformation to education and patient care. The con...

Scoliosis refers to curves exceeding 10 degrees observed through posterioanterior direct radiography. In fact, the diagnosis for idiopathic scoliosis is accepted to exclude already available causes. The aim of this paper was to review the etiopathogenesis, classification systems and the treatment ...

The aim of this study was to a conduct a systematic review of carmustine wafers (Gliadel wafers) for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) to assess the survival benefit and safety of this therapy. The inclusion criteria were 1) prospective or retrospective clinical trial; 2) patients who...

It has been claimed that 85% of the neck injuries caused by car accidents are the result of rear-end collisions. This type of injury is called a whiplash injury, and its mechanisms are not completely understood due to the limited ability to diagnose them using X-ray or MRI. Biomechanical studies i...

AIM: The term kyphosis is used to describe the spinal curve that results in an abnormally rounded back. Kyphosis may develop due to trauma, developmental anomalies, degenerative disc disease, inflammatory diseases, and infectious diseases and also iatrogenic. The aim of this paper is to review the...

The finite element model has been used as an effective tool in human spine biomechanics. Biomechanical finite element models have provided basic insights into the workings of the cervical spine system. Advancements in numerical methods during the last decade have enabled researchers to propose mor...

Surgical robotic systems have been available for almost twenty years. The first surgical robotic systems were designed as supportive systems for laparoscopic approaches in general surgery (the first procedure was a cholecystectomy in 1987). The da Vinci Robotic System is the most common system use...

Tumor-to-tumor metastasis is a well recognized phenomenon. Although any tumor may be potential recipient of metastasis, renal cell carcinoma and meningioma are the most common malignant and benign recipients, respectively, whereas the lung and breast are the most common metastatic donors respectiv...

Deformity of spine is the structural deformity in sagittal, coronal or both planes due to many causes. Due to the complex structure of deformity, complications of deformity surgery are different from other surgeries performed for the spine. Being aware of the complications that can cause balance p...

The main aim of the rehabilitation programs following surgical correction of spinal deformities is to restore the patient to full function as early as possible without compromising the integrity of the surgical intervention. The most important issue that need to be considered includes avoiding str...

Minimally invasive surgery is currently a goal for surgical intervention in the spine. The effectiveness of endoscopic thoracic spine surgery and technological improvements are considered to be two factors that are routinely applied to spine surgery, particularly in spine deformity surgery practic...

Spinal deformity is one of the problematic issues of spine surgery. The variety of spinal deformities and the differences in pathomechanism require different treatment methods. Another important factor is that some deformities exist with spinal instability. The aim of surgical treatment in spinal ...

Iatrogenic spinal deformities can cause either sagittal or coronal imbalance. They consist of flat back syndrome, post-laminectomy kyphosis, proximal junctional kyphosis, failing of a spinal instrument, pseudoarthrosis, infection and using of instruments that cause anterior compression. We discuss...

A Cobb angle measurement, the angle between upper end plate of T5 and lower end plate of T12, higher than 40 degrees known as kyphosis. Although various etiologies cause kyphosis, the best-known form, Scheuermann’s kyphosis causes disorder in sagittal balance. Surgery should be considered fo...

Adult deformity, which occurs with degeneration of the spine, is a pathology that has been seen usually in the older population. The patients with adult deformity have a pain and disability that develops within time. Adult deformity is different from adolescence idiopathic scoliosis because of its...